Programing in C BCA FY Notes

 

What is computer:- 

Computer is an Electronic device which accept all information from the input device processing, processing it and give desired output such electronic device is refared as a computer 

Hardware:-

The physical component of a computer based is refared as hardware we can touch this part of a computer based system 

Program:-

The set of instructions is refared as  program 

Software:-

The collection of program is refared as software. There are two types of software 

1.System software 

2.Application software

System software:-

It is also a collection of program design to control entire computer based system is called software 

        The opening system is an example of system software 

What is oprating system:-

It is a software program it just like as an entire phase between used and entire computer based system refared as opratimg system.There are two basic characteristics of any oprating system 

1)All necessary hardware working is in efficient manner 

The entire system is convenience for the uses 

The  example of an oprating system are Dos,window,linux,Android.........etc.

Application Software:-

It is also the collection of program design for specific application is called application software

Ex:- Ms office,photoshop,coroldraw......etc

Algorithm:-

The sequence of steps is known as algorithm.We can any computer problem it consist of varies steps those steps written in

Ex:- The algorithm for the addition of two numbers i.e C=A+B

1.Start 

2.ReadA,B

3.SetC=A+B

4.Stop

Flow chart:- 

The graphical representation of an algorithm is known as flowchart 

In flowcharting various symbol can be used

Ex:- Draw the flowchart for addition of  two number is  given 

1)C=A+B

Start 

↓

ReadA,B

↓

C=A+B

↓

Display C

↓

Stop

Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart for sum of and average of three number 

Sum=A+B+C

Avg=sum÷3

Algorithm

1)start 

2)readA,B,C

3)Set sum=A+B+C

4)Set Avg=sum÷3

5)Display sum

6)Stope

Flowchart:-

Start 

ReadA,B,C

Sum=A+B+C

Avg=Sum÷3

Display sum avg

Q1.Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart for largest of two number 

A>B

Algorithm 

1)Start 

2)Read A,B

3)If (A>B)Then Display "A is largest"

3)Stope 

 Language 

Language is a group of string. The string is the gruop of character in day to day life we can use natural language like 

English,Hindi,marathi,...etc with the help of natural language people comunicating to each other 

Programming language 

It is the soacial language can communicate with the computer based system it is also called computer language. It is classified into three types of computer language 

1) Machine language 

2) Assembly language 

3)high-level language 

1) Machine language

It is the machine dependent language it is esaly understand by the computer. The machine language can uses the binary digit that is zero and one (0and1).The program written in the sequence of(0and 1) it is difficult to understand the other user 

2) Assembly language

This language can uses the instructions replace by binary digit . It consist of various instruction to perform 

Specified task this language is no competable with the computer based language 

Ex:- ADD This instruction use for Addition 

Assembler:-It is the translator program it convart assembly language into Machine language which is competable with computer based system 

3)high-level language

This language is similar to english language . It is easly understand by the user the different kinds of High lavel language are basic,COBOL,FORTRON,PASCAL

C,C++........etc

Compiler

Compiler is a translator program. It translate the high 

Lavel language program converted into machine language is easly understand by the computer. It accept the source code translate into object code or machine language shown below the differnt programming language support compiler like,C,C++,

The Compiler can take the hole program convert into machine language and it notify errors 

Source code→compilre→Object code→machine language

 

Interpriator 

It is a translator it translate the high language program into Machine language the interpriator can accept the source code convert into object code or machine language as given below the the different programing language support translator program like BASIC, FORTRON....etc the interpriator can take line by line

intriation

 Source code→Intreprator→Object code→machine language 

History of C language

 

In 1960 sevaral computer language had come exist each one is design a specific perpose Ex:BASIC For biger COBOL was used for comercial business application, FORTRON is use for Engineering and scientific problem at this stage people started thinking for learning for general perpose programing language there for the international community setup to develop a such genarl perpose programing language this comunity come out with a language called ALGOL 60 but this language never popular because it is too abstract that is therotical and too general to reduce these abstractions and new language called combiner programming language (CPL) was devalped at cambridge university USA to solve any  kindes of problem around the same time the new language developed by the ken Thompson at cambridge university in USA in the middle of 1972 developed by denis Rihchiee it is the combination of all kinds of programming languages C language can be designed friendly competable and reliable

•  C language is one of the high lavel language consist of rich set of function it is the prosiger oriented language the C function and statement are written under the blog that is {(opening brase symbol)and }(closing  brase symbol) many times it is called a blong oriented language the C language support the top down  design model it is also the middle lavel language because it interphase with the hardware

C token 

The  smallest individual unit is refared as token .In c programming language the various token can be used these are given below 

1)Constant and variable 

2)Identifire 

3)Keyword 

4)Operator 

5)Data type 

1)Constant 

A contity or identifier whose value does not change during the program exucation is called constsnt it is the fix value such value does not change the constsnt asgine to the variable and its value stored in the memary location Ex:- -5,10,200,........etc 

The constsnt are classified into two types 

1)Nummeric Constant 

2)Non numeric Constant

1)Numeric constant 

The numeric Constant can process the digit the numeric constant is agin classified into two types 

1)Intiger constant

2)Float constant 

1)Intiger constant 

A number without includ decimal point is refared as integer constant 

Ex:- The any natural point is Refared as intiger constant such as 5,10,200......etc

The following are the rule to define intiger constant 

1)It must have at list on digit 

2)It does not include decimal point 

3)It may be either positive or negative 

4)The defulat sign is positive the intiger constant can define in the range -32768to32767

2)Float constant 

A number includ decimal point such constant is refared as float constant 

Ex:--4,5,-10,12,....etc 

The following are the Rule to define float contant 

It must hve a decimal point 

It must have atlist one digit 

It may be either positive or negative 

The default sign is positive 

It's range is -3.4×10‐³⁸ to 3.4×10³⁸

It single prieciession float number are 10.123456 it alowed six digit after decimal point 

In dubble prision it allow 8 digit after decimal point 

Ex:- 10.12345678

If the number to small and too large such number converting into exponent by using letter 'e' 

Ex:- 3.4×10³⁸written as 3.4e-38

The exponent number consist of following rules to define in the program 

The mantissa and exponent may either positive or negative 

The default sign is positive 

Non numeric constant:-

The nonnumeric constant can manupulate stright  is callsified into two type of constant 

1)Character Constant 

2)Starting constant 

1)Character constant:-

The chractar constant can have a single latter,a digit single spacial symbol which enclosed in single quote is called character constant. The maximum length of this constant in a single character 

Ex:- 'A'

'$'

'1'......etc

String constant 

String is the group of character the string constant is the combination of latter,digit and special symbol which enclosed in dubble quotations mark is called string constant 

"MUMU"

"SUM=>"

"1 2 3"

           "         "......etc

The null string doesnot have any character 

Variable 

The quantity or Identifier whose value allowed to change during the program esucatation is called variable the variable name are the name given to location in the memary of the computer where the different values or constant are stored. 

Ex:- The numerical variables are

"AtoZ"and"atoz

The variable name is any combination of Alphabet digit and undes score symbol (-)is refared as Identifier 

It is use as any name except 'C' keyword or statement the maximum length of Identifier are '1to8' character the first character. The first character Identifier must be a Alphabet. The no(') or blank space are called.The no spacial symbol accept underscore (_).

Ex:- Sum,fact 

S_um 

Su_m

_Sum...........etc 

Keyword :-(Reserved word) 

The meaning of keyword or reserved word is already define in thr C compiler such word is called keyword 

It is the spacial word which is define in the C software to written a C program language there are 32 keywords are available the valid keyword are int,float,double, if,else,while.......etc

Opretor

Opretor is a symbol which telle to the compiler to perform a certain opration such symbol is refared as opretor .In C programming language it consist of various opretor 

Arithmatic opretor 

This opretor are used to perform the arithmatic opration such as addition (+) Subtraction(-),Multiplication(×)Division(%)andmodulus(/)

These opretor on two operand or variable the expration by using arithmatic expression 

Ex:- A+B

A-B

A×B

A/B

A%B

Suppose A=4&B=3then 

4+3=7

4-3=1

4×3=12

4/3=1

4%3=1

Rational opretor 

This opretor are used to perform the relation operand it is the comparison opretor because it compire the two operand these opretor are <,><=,>=,==(equal to),!=not equal 

The ralational expression are using raltional opretor symbol suchasA<B,A>B,A<=B,A>=B,

A==B

These oprator are use to perform the test condition.

Logical opretor 

The logical oprator are used to perform logical opration the logical OR and logical NOT the logical symbol denotes logical AND opration (||) denote logical or opration and != it denotes logical not opration the logical oprator are performed on two oprand the following table shows the AND,OR,andNOT opration

The expression by using opretor such expression called logicalexpressiontheAND,OR

expression perform and NOT 

expression and Not expression performed on one operant 

A>B&A>C

A>B||A>C

!A

!B

Assignment opretor: -

The assignment opretor are denoted by a symbol (=) It can be written with following syntax 

Var =constant 

Or

Var

or

Expression

In this syntax every assignment opretor consist of two parts i.e left hand side (LHS)and Righthandside(RHS) is calculated first and it is assian to left hand side 

Ex:- A=2;

B=A;

C=A+B;

Those expression are the assignment expression 

Spacial assignment opretor for short hand side 

This opretor is similar to assignment oprator it syntax is 

Var op=const

or

var

or 

expr

Where op is the arithmatic oprator such as +,-,×,/,%,

The value of left hand side variable can  be use in right hand side expression which is similar to 

A+=2⇒A=A+2;

B-=A⇒B=B-A;

C×=2⇒C=C×2;

A/=(A+B)⇒A=A/A+B;

A%=C⇒A=A%C;

Increments/ Decrement oprator

This oprator denoted by a symbol(++)and(-).The(++) stand for incrementation by 1.

The (--) stands for decrementation which is the value of operand is decremented by 1. It can written in two forms i.e preincrementation and postincrementation i.e(++1)and (1++) similarly for decrementation i.e(--1)and(1--) In pre incrementation the value of operand is incremented by 1 and asgine to the variable.

In post incrementation the operand is assig to the variable the after increment the operand 

Similarly for decrementation i.e pre and post decrementation the following example shows increment and decrement 

Ex:- 1)I=2 

Y=++i

i=3;y=3

2)i=2

Y=i++

Y=2;i=3

Decrementation 

1)i=2

Y=--i

Y=1;i=1

Conditional opreator 

The conditional opreator is denoted by a symbol (?)colan.It syntax is 

exp?exp2:exp3 

Where 

exp,exp2 and exp3 are the expression this oprator is executed when expression 1 must be a test condition. If the condition is true it written the exp2 otherwise it will written exp3 when condition is false this oprator is also called ternary opretor 

Ex:- A=20;

     B=10;

y=A>B?A:B;

O/P-Y=B

Bitwise operator 

This opretor are used to perform bit by bit manipulation these oprator are oprator on 0 or 2 oprand it consist of various bitwise operator used in c program 

ഗ→1's complement 

This opretor on one oprand each bit one replace by zero and zero replace by one 

Ex:- A=2

Y=ഗA

ഗ (0010)

(1101)

Y=13

&→Bitwise and 

This Opretor are oprat on two operand in And opration when both inputs are one then it's output is 1 otherwise 0 as shown in the truth table 

Ex:- 

A=2

B=3

Y=A&B

Y=2

                            & 0010

                               0011

                              0010

( | ) →Bitwise or

This oprator oprate ono two oprand the opration is when both inputs are zero then it's output is zero otherwise then it's output is zero one as shown in the above truth table 

   Ex:- A=2

B=3 

Y=A|B

Y=3

Bitwise xor -∧

 It also oprate on two oprand when both inputs similar then it's output is zero otherwise one as shown in the above truth table 

Ex:- A=2 

B=3 

Y=A∧B

Y=1

Data types 

In c programming language we can use different data those data belongs to certain types is called data types.The similar value can be process in the program  using data types. In c program the data type is classified into four types 

1)primary 

2)userdefined

3)secondary 

4)Empty 

Primary data type :-

 This data type is also built in data type because those data type are already define in the c- compiler those data type is of four types 

1)char-1byte

2)int-2byte

3)float-4byte

4)dubble-8byte

a)char

This data type can process the character constant that is a single latter.It can takeone bytes of storage capacity allocated to a single character 

b)Int

It is the integer data type it can process integer constant it can take two bytes of storage capacity 

c)Float

This data type can process real or floating point value it can take four bytes of storage capacity